Avoiding Tpyos

This recent article is a reminder of how difficult proofreading can be. 

http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/sideshow/university-texas-apologizes-pubic-affairs-commencement-typo-183616371.html

A similar incident occurred when I was in law school.  The assistant in the career services office sent out an email to the entire student body about the Pubic Sector Career Fair.  I did not initially notice the typo, and do not believe many of my fellow students did either, until some smart-ass hit the "Reply All" button and pointed out the error.  Needless to say, the secretary was mortified and quickly sent an apology email.

While typos and grammatical errors happen, even to the best of us, these tips can help writers avoid embarrassment:

1.         Do not try to proofread on a computer screen.

It is much easier to find typos and grammatical errors when you proofread a document on paper as opposed to a computer screen.  I have never read any explanation for this phenomenon, though I suspect it is because people read more quickly off a screen than off paper.  You will be amazed how many errors escape detection on screen but are easily caught when proofreading from paper.  It also is much easier to catch formatting errors and font discrepancies on paper than on a screen.  

2.         Turn off any "auto correct" feature. 

I once had a client whose last name was Voit.  Every time I typed his name, my word processing program would attempt to change Voit to vomit.  That case was a nightmare, and made me want to vomit every time I thought about it, but it would have been highly embarrassing to send a letter or email addressed to Mr. Vomit.  Auto correct features often can do more harm than good.  Instead, use a spell check feature* to catch misspellings before printing a document to proofread.

*But see number 3 below

3.         Do not rely solely on spell check features.

While spell check features are very handy, do not rely solely on them and do not get into the habit of clicking "Change" without checking to see that you really want to change the spelling of the word.  Many words with legal significance, such as “voir dire” and “pro hac vice,” get caught by a spell check feature, and if you are not careful, your motion in limine will pertain to “void dire,” and your application will end up being “pro hack** vice.”  

**I have known a number of lawyers who are hacks, but you get the point.

4.         Double check short, frequently used words.

Writers frequently mix up "is" and "it," "of," "or," and "on," and "to," and "do," among others.  Proofreaders are prone to miss these errors because as we read, we are focusing on the larger, more important words in our sentences and often mentally gloss over the smaller, less significant words.  Be sure to check the smaller words in your documents too.

NOTE:            Many proofreading professionals' number one tip is to avoid proofreading a document immediately after you have drafted it.  As a practicing attorney, I know this is not possible 95 percent of the time.  Of course, if you have time, it is always best to wait a few hours (or a day) after drafting a document to proofread it.     

Musings on Modern Feminism

Much has been written about this article since it appeared several weeks ago in The Atlantic.  It is a fascinating read.  Hopefully it will inspire honest discourse about these topics from men and women alike.

http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/07/why-women-still-can-8217-t-have-it-all/9020/

Unique Means Unique

The word “unique” means one of a kind*.  Something either is unique (one of a kind) or it is not.  There are no degrees of uniqueness.  Something can no more be “somewhat unique” than it can be “very unique.”  When people say “somewhat unique,” what they really mean is rare or infrequent.  When people say “very unique,” I have no idea what they mean, and I doubt they do either.

*Incidentally, for those wondering, the term "one of a kind" should be hypenated when it is being used as an adjective (called a hyphenated adjective).  For example, Erin is a one-of-a-kind friend. 

No (Pit) Bull

DeKalb County, Georgia has a zoning* ordinance regarding the keeping of household pets. Until recently, the ordinance defined the term "household pets" to specifically exclude, among other animals, pit bulls. The general public understood this ordinance to ban the ownership of pit bulls by any DeKalb County resident.**

The problem? The term "pit bull" was not defined anywhere in that ordinance or any other DeKalb County ordinance, and “pit bull” it not a recognized breed of dog. The term "pit bull" generally refers to American Pit Bull Terriers, American Staffordshire Terriers, Staffordshire Bull Terriers, and mixed dogs of those breeds.

Thus, because the term "pit bull" is not a recognized breed of dog and has no legal definition, DeKalb County was never able to enforce the ordinance.

Apparently every citation written for ownership of a pit bull later was dismissed because the DeKalb County courts found the ordinance was vague and, therefore, unenforceable.  In May 2012, DeKalb County finally removed the "pit bull" language from the zoning ordinance.  

This is just another example of how sloppy legal drafting led to a confusing and unenforceable law. As Albert Einstein noted, "Nothing is more destructive of respect for the government and the law than passing laws which*** cannot be enforced."

*It remains unclear why this apparent attempt to ban the ownership of pit bulls was put into DeKalb County's zoning ordinances rather than, for example, its animal control ordinances.

**Whether it actually did so is questionable. A careful reading of this ordinance shows that it did not ban ownership of pit bulls. It simply excluded pit bulls from the definition of the term "household pets."

***See my post entitled "That Which Does Not Kill Us." This "which" should be a "that." No matter--the sentiment is well-taken.

Answers

For those who eagerly* have been awaiting the answers to my June 1, 2012 post, see below:

No one should trust companies that break laws.

Some people believe jails, which are often overcrowded, breed criminals.

Appeals that are granted before final disposition are interlocutory.

Firms that offer bonuses are desirable places to work.

United States District Courts, which cannot hear all cases, are courts of limited jurisdiction.

Trials that involve numerous parties take longer than two-party trials.

*More on this later.  Eager and anxious frequently are misued.

Worse Crimes Indeed

Ray Bradbury died this morning at his home in Los Angeles at the ripe old age of 91.  In reading various articles today about his life, I was struck by the fact that he always is described as a writer of science fiction, a classification I find highly inaccurate--Bradbury's works offer so much more than science fiction fantasy.   

 

Bradbury constantly encouraged us always to search for knowledge and never to allow ourselves to become comfortable in the belief that our own narrow understanding of the world offers anything close to the complete picture. Bradbury’s message was, I think, less about state censorship and more about the ways in which we voluntarily—even willingly—censor ourselves. His works are a reminder to never stop learning.

“There are worse crimes than burning books. One of them is not reading them.”

-Ray Bradbury

That Which Doesn't Kill Us...

Many writers—even good writers—do not understand the difference between “that” and which.”  While generalizations are often dangerous, they are helpful in understanding when it is appropriate to use “that” rather than “which.”

Generally, “that” should be used before essential clauses and “which” should be used before nonessential clauses. 

Essential clauses, sometimes called restrictive clauses, are necessary in that the meaning of the sentence is dependent on the presence of the clause.  If the meaning of a sentence would change if the clause were removed, the clause is essential.   Conversely, nonessential clauses can be removed from a sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.  Nonessential clauses generally provide additional, descriptive information. 

Essential clauses generally are not surrounded by commas. 

Nonessential clauses generally are surrounded by commas.

For example:

Laws that are facially discriminatory are subject to strict scrutiny. 

“That are facially discriminatory” is an essential clause.  The sentence would not be true if the clause were removed because all laws are not subject to strict scrutiny.  Thus, “that” is the appropriate word.

Trials, which are costly, are rarer today than in years past.

“Which are costly” is a non-essential clause.  While the clause does help explain to the reader why cases are tried less frequently today than in the past, the clause is not essential.  If the clause were removed, the sentence would still make sense and be accurate.  

Insurers should avoid writing policies that are ambiguous.

Again, the clause “that are ambiguous” is essential.  Insurers should not avoid writing all policies, only those that are ambiguous.

The exterior of the Smith County courthouse, which was built in 1910, is beautiful.

“Which was built in 1910” is a non-essential clause.  The sentence is accurate when the clause is removed.  “Which,” therefore, is appropriate. 

This rule is not fool-proof, but it will provide you with the right answer the majority of the time.

I’m going to leave out all punctuation from the sentences below to avoid giving away the answers.  See if you can figure out whether “that” or “which” is appropriate.  I’ll post the correct answers next time.

No one should trust companies that/which break laws.

Some people believe jails that/which are often overcrowded breed criminals.

Appeals that/which are granted before final disposition are interlocutory.

Firms that/which offer bonuses are desirable places to work.      

United States District Courts that/which cannot hear all cases are courts of limited jurisdiction.

Trials that/which involve numerous parties take longer than two-party trials.